What is diabetic foot and how can it be prevented?

Diabetic foot refers to a range of changes caused by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. Over time, high glucose levels may damage the nerves, known as diabetic neuropathy, and the blood vessels that supply the feet.

This can lead to reduced sensation and poorer circulation. A person may not immediately notice a small cut, blister, pressure point, or crack in the skin. Because healing may also be slower, even a minor injury can become more serious when it is not recognized and treated promptly.

Symptoms vary from person to person. Some of the most common signs include:

• Tingling or burning sensations in the feet
• Numbness or reduced sensation
• A persistent feeling of cold feet
• Dry, cracked, or unusually sensitive skin
• Changes in skin color or temperature
• Blisters or wounds that heal slowly
• Pain while walking or while at rest
• Swelling of the feet or ankles

Contact a doctor, podiatrist, or diabetes care professional promptly if you notice a new wound, blister, unusual swelling, discoloration, warmth, drainage, or another unexplained change.

The likelihood of developing foot complications may be higher in people who:

• Have lived with diabetes for many years
• Have frequently elevated blood sugar levels
• Already have diabetic neuropathy
• Have circulation problems
• Smoke or use tobacco products
• Wear tight or uncomfortable footwear
• Have previously had a foot ulcer or wound
• Do not inspect their feet regularly

Prevention begins with small, consistent habits. A few minutes of attentive foot care each day can help identify changes before they become more difficult to treat.

01

Inspect your feet every day

Check the tops, soles, heels, spaces between the toes, and the area around the nails. Look for redness, blisters, cracks, scratches, swelling, calluses, or changes in skin color.

Use a mirror to examine the soles, or ask someone you trust for assistance when necessary.

02

Maintain gentle, consistent hygiene

Wash your feet with lukewarm water and mild soap. Test the water temperature carefully, especially if sensation in your feet is reduced.

Dry the feet thoroughly, paying particular attention to the spaces between the toes. Apply moisturizer to dry skin, but avoid placing cream between the toes unless advised by a healthcare professional.

03

Wear comfortable, properly fitting footwear

Shoes should provide enough room for the toes and should not create pressure, rubbing, or friction. Check the inside of each shoe before wearing it to make sure there are no stones, rough areas, or folded insoles.

04

Choose high-quality diabetic socks

Socks create an important protective layer between the skin and footwear. Diabetic socks are designed to help reduce pressure, rubbing, moisture buildup, and the risk of blisters.

High-quality diabetic socks commonly feature:

• Soft materials that gently conform to the foot
• A non-binding top that does not tightly constrict the leg
• Flat or nearly invisible seams
• Breathable fabric that helps manage moisture
• A smooth fit that minimizes bunching inside the shoe

05

Monitor and manage your blood sugar

Maintaining blood glucose within the range recommended by your healthcare team is one of the most important ways to reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications, including nerve and blood vessel damage.

Many foot problems do not cause significant pain at first because sensation may already be reduced. This is why visual inspection is just as important as paying attention to how the feet feel.

Early recognition allows a healthcare professional to assess the affected area sooner and may help reduce the risk of infection, ulcers, deeper wounds, and other serious complications.